Windfall Planning Makes Sense for Everyone

Windfall Planning, what are Financial windfalls

Financial windfalls are not uncommon. Every year, entrepreneurs who build their businesses from scratch sell them for millions in profit. In 2024 alone, state lotteries paid out a combined $70.2 billion to prize winners. Additionally, over the next 20 years, around $84.4 trillion in wealth transfers are expected to take place, with $72.6 trillion of this going to heirs and the other $11.9 trillion going to charities.

After scrimping and saving for years, a large windfall of money can seem like a dream come true. However, there are many factors to consider when receiving a substantial sum of money all at once. The key to making a windfall last beyond initial purchases is to think about what you want your money to do for you. If it’s enough to substantially change your life, then you should take some time to figure out what you want your new life to look like. The bigger the windfall, the more time and professionals you’ll need to consult to determine how to manage your assets going forward.

The first step is to answer three questions:

What are your short- and long-term financial goals? (And have they – or should they – change after learning about your windfall?)
Who should be involved in the financial decision-making? (e.g., spouse/family, financial advisor, tax expert, estate planning attorney)
What is the nature of the funds to be received? (e.g., cash, investments, property, a business, etc.)

Do not be rash with large sums of money. It can take three months or more to set up certain accounts, trusts, and various strategies for receiving and managing a windfall. Take plenty of time to make decisions and conduct transactions appropriately to ensure they minimize tax liability and meet your short- and long-term goals.

Speaking of which, start out by making a priority list. It’s a good idea to use a cash windfall to meet the first two goals in the list below before considering other options.

If you don’t already have one, establish a three to six-month emergency fund in a high-yield, liquid account.
Pay off debt such as credit cards, auto loans, medical bills, perhaps even your mortgage.
Consider the merits of allocating funds toward a variety of expenses instead of spending it all in one place. For example, consider the impact of appropriating money to investments in your house, your children’s education and retirement. Spreading your windfall across multiple accounts allows those dollars to grow even if you do not continue contributing – getting started with a little is better than having nothing growing toward those goals.
Consider how to use the money to make more money. For example, invest in a business or purchase property for rental income and/or equity growth.
If you’re thinking of making charitable gifts, consider how you can honor your benefactor (assuming the windfall comes from an inheritance) by donating money in their name. You might be able to offset your own tax liability by transferring a portion of the windfall directly to the charitable entity. Also consider creating your own private foundation or directing a donor-advised fund to manage the assets and donate to specific charities; this tactic enables the assets to continue growing for future charitable donations.

Family Business

Should you inherit a family business or partnership, consult with an experienced tax advisor to decide whether to continue participating in the business interest or even use it as collateral for other investments. This strategy positions the asset for continued growth so you don’t have to cash out and pay taxes on gains in order to use the money.

Lottery or Structured Settlement

If you win big with the lottery, you’ll need to decide whether to receive the assets as a lump sum or an annuity. Be aware that when you take the prize money all at once, the IRS automatically withholds 24 percent of the winnings off the top. Furthermore, if your windfall tops $640,600 for a single filer or $768,700 for a married couple filing jointly (2026), it will be subject to federal income tax at the 37 percent top tax rate. That money also may be subject to state and municipal taxes based on local laws. In some high-income-tax states, that could mean you lose half of the winnings.

If you opt to receive money as an annuity (i.e., guaranteed income spread out over time, such as 30 years), the total payout might be cumulatively higher because it spreads out your tax liability. Depending on your long-term income trajectory, you could avoid the highest income tax bracket. Other windfalls that function like a lottery payout include structured settlements from civil lawsuits (e.g., personal injury, wrongful death)and retirement pension plans.

Depending on the amount of money coming your way, it is highly advisable to consult with financial planning professionals, because how fund transfers are conducted and how much money you withdraw each year can greatly influence your tax bill. It is important to solicit one or more opinions to ensure that your financial moves address both your current and future objectives.

Advancing Broadband, Tribal Land Mortgages and Affordable Single-Owner Housing Opportunities

Tribal Land Mortgages

3 min read

S.98: Rural Broadband Protection Act of 2025 – This bipartisan bill instructs the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to establish a vetting process for service provider applicants applying for federal funding assistance for broadband deployment in high-cost areas, including rural communities. Sponsored by Sen. Shelley Moore Capito (R-WV) on Jan. 15, 2025, the bill passed in the Senate on June 26, 2025, and in the House on April 20, 2025. It was signed into law by the president on May 11, 2026.

S.723: Tribal Trust Land Homeownership Act of 2025 – Introduced by Sen. John Thune (R-SD) on Feb. 25, 2025, this bill requires the Bureau of Indian Affairs to complete the processing of all residential and business mortgages on Indian land by certain deadlines. It passed in the Senate on Dec. 11, 2025, in the House on March 4, and was enacted on May 4.

A joint resolution to direct the removal of United States Armed Forces from hostilities within or against the Islamic Republic of Iran that have not been authorized by Congress (SJ Res 185) – Well past the 60-day deadline for a president to legally engage in military hostilities abroad without congressional authorization, Sen. Tim Kaine (D-VA) introduced his resolution on April 27. The resolution would remove U.S. military troops from Iran unless explicitly authorized by Congress. On May 19, the resolution narrowly passed in the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, now moving to the Senate floor for debate and a full vote. The resolution faces an uphill battle in the House. However, even if the joint resolution cleared the Senate and the House, it is expected to be vetoed by the president and would require a two-thirds supermajority by both the Senate and the House to override the veto – which is unlikely at this point.

21st Century ROAD to Housing Act (HR 6644) – This bipartisan, White House-endorsed bill addresses housing affordability by placing ownership restrictions on large institutional investors and expanding available financing for homebuyers. One provision would prohibit institutional investors/private equity firms that own more than 350 single-family homes from purchasing additional single-family homes – unless they are sold to individual homeowners after seven years. The act would impose a penalty of up to $1 million per violation or three times the purchase price of the property, whichever is greater. Other provisions waive regulations on community banks to help expand local lending. The bill was introduced by Rep. French Hill (R-AR) on Dec. 11, 2025. It passed in the House on Feb. 9, in the Senate with changes on March 12, and in the House again with changes on May 20. The bill is currently under consideration in the Senate for the second time.

Understanding Cost of Goods Manufactured

Understanding Cost of Goods Manufactured, What is Cost of Goods Manufactured, what is COGM

3 min read

When it comes to the latest report for March 2026 manufactured goods orders, according to the United States Census Bureau’s May 4 report, the government agency reported a 1.5 percent bump in orders for the nation’s manufacturers, growing to $630.4 billion. Understanding concepts like Cost of Goods Manufactured (COGM) is essential to smooth operations.

The cost of goods manufactured (COGM) reflects the total manufacturing costs a company incurs during a particular accounting period to complete goods. It includes direct materials used, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead. COGM helps businesses manage inventory levels and serves as a key input for calculating the cost of goods sold (COGS) reported on the income statement.

COGM Formula:

The standard formula is:

COGM = Beginning Work-in-Process (WIP) Inventory + Total Manufacturing Costs – Ending Work-in-Process (WIP) inventory

Defined as:

Total Manufacturing Costs = Direct Materials Used + Direct Labor + Manufacturing Overhead

Hypothetical Example:

Based on the following numbers, the COGM would be calculated as follows:

Direct Materials Used: $200,000
Direct Labor: $75,000
Manufacturing (Production) Overhead: $120,000
Beginning WIP Inventory: $20,000
Ending WIP Inventory: $60,000

First, calculate Total Manufacturing Costs: $200,000 + $75,000 + $120,000 = $395,000

Then:

COGM = 20,000 + 395,000 – 60,000 = 355,000

So, the Cost of Goods Manufactured is $355,000.

Interpreting COGM:

The first step is to analyze how each input contributes to the result. This involves reviewing direct materials, direct labor, and overhead to determine the complete production costs for the accounting period. By evaluating each component’s contribution, companies can better project manufacturing capacity and cost-effectiveness.

Direct Materials Used in Production

Direct Materials Used = Beginning Raw Materials Inventory + Purchase of Raw Materials – Ending Raw Materials Inventory

This amount is then incorporated into the Total Manufacturing Costs (and ultimately the WIP inventory) shown above.

Calculating Direct Labor and Manufacturing Overhead:

Direct labor costs are determined from time logs or clock-ins (hours worked × hourly rate). Manufacturing overhead includes indirect production costs such as factory utilities, depreciation, and supervision.

Translating COGM to Cost of Goods Sold:

Once calculated, COGM is transferred to the Finished Goods Inventory account. Finished Goods Inventory consists of completed products ready for sale to customers. The standard relationship is:

COGS = Beginning Finished Goods Inventory + COGM – Ending Finished Goods Inventory

(or equivalently: Ending Finished Goods Inventory = Beginning Finished Goods Inventory + COGM – COGS)

Conclusion:

COGM shows whether production costs are too high or too low relative to sales. For example, if one business generates $2,000,000 in revenue with $1,500,000 in COGS (25% gross margin), while another has $1,500,000 in revenue but only $750,000 in COGS (50% gross margin), the second company demonstrates stronger profitability.

Understanding COGM enables businesses to optimize costs related to labor, overhead, and materials, ultimately improving net income and operational efficiency. When calculating and reporting COGM, it is essential for businesses to apply these concepts accurately in their accounting and bookkeeping practices.

The IRS Could Owe You Money Thanks to a Pandemic-Era Court Ruling

IRS Could Owe You Money, COVID Court Ruling

4 min read

Here’s something that flew under the radar for most people: a court decision from late last year could put money back in your pocket if you got hit with IRS penalties during COVID. But you need to act fast! For some taxpayers, the deadline to file a claim is July 10.

What This Case Is Actually About

Remember when COVID was declared a federal disaster? That designation wasn’t just symbolic. It triggered real protections under the tax code, specifically Section 7508A, which lets the IRS push back deadlines and waive penalties when taxpayers are caught up in a disaster. We’re talking about failure-to-file and failure-to-pay penalties here, and those fees can add up to almost 50 percent of what you already owe, which is brutal!

The Kwong v. United States decision came down from the Court of Federal Claims in November 2025, and it changed the game. The court said the nationwide COVID emergency created a mandatory postponement running from Jan. 20, 2020, through July 10, 2023. Everything that came due in that window should have been bumped to July 11, 2023. In other words, a lot of people may have been penalized when they shouldn’t have been.

This Got Real on April 30

The case had been percolating quietly until the National Taxpayer Advocate (NTA) made some noise about it on April 30. That’s when things got interesting. According to the NTA, tens of millions of taxpayers could be eligible for refunds. Not just on the penalties themselves, but on the interest that piled up on top of those penalties.

The NTA isn’t being shy about this either. The office has pushed hard for the IRS to apply relief broadly instead of making people jump through hoops. They want systemic fixes, not case-by-case battles. And they’ve asked Congress to make sure procedural red tape doesn’t rob people of money they are owed.

There’s another wrinkle worth knowing about. Some refunds issued during 2020 through 2023 may have shortchanged taxpayers on interest because the IRS treated their returns as late. If Kwong holds up, you might be able to claim that missing interest, too.

Expats Had It Especially Rough

If you were living overseas when the pandemic hit, you know the chaos was next level. Borders slammed shut with no warning. People got stranded in countries they were just passing through. Others couldn’t get back to the places they’d been living for years.

Good luck reaching your accountant when consulates are closed, mail isn’t moving, and you’re dealing with a 12-hour time zone difference. Some folks couldn’t access their bank accounts. Others couldn’t get basic documents. And plenty of people were simply stuck, unable to go anywhere, when their filing deadlines rolled around.

Slapping penalties on taxpayers who were dealing with all of that? It misses the point entirely. The disaster relief rules exist for exactly these situations. The NTA has been clear: fair treatment means recognizing what people were actually going through.

You Need to File a Protective Claim

Here’s the practical part. If you want to preserve your right to get this money back, you have to file something called a protective claim. Think of it as a placeholder that keeps your options open while the legal dust settles.

For many people, the deadline is July 10, 2026, though it depends on the tax year involved. Don’t wait until the last minute to figure this out.

The good news is the paperwork isn’t complicated. You can use IRS Form 843 or just file an amended return. You need to list the tax years you’re claiming and note that your refund depends on how the Kwong case plays out. You don’t have to calculate the exact dollar amount right now. The whole point is just to get yourself on record before time runs out.

A Few Limitations to Know About

This relief is specifically about federal income taxes under the Internal Revenue Code. If you’re worried about Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBAR) penalties, that’s a different animal. FBARs fall under the Bank Secrecy Act, so Kwong doesn’t automatically help there. That said, you might still have a reasonable cause argument based on the same COVID disruptions.

State taxes? Every state did its own thing. Most offered some pandemic extensions, but those programs were separate and usually more limited than what we’re talking about here.

Conclusion

If there’s any chance this applies to you, file that protective claim now. Especially if you were overseas during the pandemic years. Once that deadline passes, the door closes for good.

6 Financial Changes to Make in 2026

4 min read

Summer’s here, school’s out and vacations are ahead. That’s why now might be the perfect opportunity to carve out some time to make some positive changes in your financial life. Here’s a few ideas to get you started that are are significant, not too big or too small, and well within your reach.

Set Up a Safety Net

Rising costs and an uncertain geopolitical landscape make this more important than ever. If you already have sturdy savings, great. Having a three-to-six-month surplus is super smart. You never know when your fridge might go out, or you might have unexpected medical expenses. That said, consider increasing your contribution amount. If you’re living paycheck to paycheck, look where you might cut costs and get started. Putting away a little each month goes a long way. One smart way to boost this money is to open a high-yield savings or checking account. You can make balance transfers from your brick-and-mortar bank and glean higher interest rates from online funding sources.

Save 10K a Year with the $27.40 Rule

Talk about doable, this rule takes a daunting task and boils it down to an easy equation: $27.40 (a day) x 365 = $10,001 a year. Now, if you’re not sure how to achieve the strategy, you might start smaller by saving this amount every few days. The point is, after employing this simple habit, you’ll accumulate a little nest egg, which relates to the first idea of setting up a safety net. But you could also be saving for a dream vacay. It’s up to you!

Rebalance and Diversify Your Portfolio

If the rise and fall of the market have affected your assets by creating an imbalance, causing you to over-index certain investments, you can straighten this out. One way is to rebalance, which involves buying and selling holdings to change the ratio of the amount you have in stocks, bonds, and cash. In essence, you’re righting the equilibrium of your assets. The other is to diversify – mix things up – which is admittedly not new news, but it bears looking into from time to time. Otherwise, you might miss out on some significant growth opportunities.

Use the Snowball Method for Debt

To whittle away at your balances, list your debts from the smallest to the largest. Then make small, minimum payments on every account. But focus on the smallest and move your way up the list. When you can eliminate low-hanging fruit and experience quick wins, you’ll create momentum to keep going and ultimately live debt-free.

Dig Around for Lost Retirement Accounts

According to Yahoo! Finance, there are about 32 million forgotten or left-behind retirement accounts in the United States. Crazy, right? If you’ve been employed for a substantial amount of time, take some time to find them and roll them over. There’s a huge chance that your current employer’s retirement account or a personal IRA will offer smarter investments and lower fees/expenses. It’s worth a look.

Sign Up for Financial Newsletters

When you keep current on market changes and become proactive, not just let your assets sit there and earn interest, you are better able to maximize your net worth. If you don’t know where to start, consult your tax professional. They’ll be able to point you in the right direction. Reviewing relevant sources while enjoying your morning coffee just might be the best thing you do all day.

These are just a few tactics you can pursue mid-year. So, take a beat and review your assets. Time is money, and using it wisely is one of the smartest investments you can make.

Sources

6 Financial Changes To Make in 2026

How to make your money work for you: 9 ways to grow money | Fidelity

How to Pay Off Debt Fast: 8 Smart Strategies | 1st Ed CU

6 Financial Changes to Make in 2026

June 1, 2026 · Blog, Tip of the Month

4 min read

6 Financial Changes to Make in 2026 Summer’s here, school’s out and vacations are ahead. That’s why now might be the perfect opportunity to carve out some time to make some positive changes in your financial life. Here’s a few ideas to get you started that are are significant, not too big or too small, and well within your reach.

Set Up a Safety Net

Save 10K a Year with the $27.40 Rule

Rebalance and Diversify Your Portfolio

Use the Snowball Method for Debt

Dig Around for Lost Retirement Accounts

Sign Up for Financial Newsletters

These are just a few tactics you can pursue mid-year. So, take a beat and review your assets. Time is money, and using it wisely is one of the smartest investments you can make.

Sources

6 Financial Changes To Make in 2026

How to make your money work for you: 9 ways to grow money | Fidelity

How to Pay Off Debt Fast: 8 Smart Strategies | 1st Ed CU

Disclaimer

Understanding Horizontal Analysis

Understanding Horizontal Analysis, What is Horizontal Analysis

3 min read

Horizontal Analysis provides businesses a method to examine financial statement entries by looking at the documents’ number for a specific accounting time frame compared to the same length of a historical period for the same accounting line item.

Breaking the Process Down

It’s a way to measure trends and variances by looking at the current year’s values versus the reference year. This helps an analyst figure out if the values increase or decrease. It’s either done on an absolute value or a percentage change basis. The analysis provides a company’s growth and financial position against competitors.

This method is different compared to vertical analysis because vertical analysis looks at a single reporting period and measures the proportional relationship between items, compared to horizontal analysis evaluating multiple periods and multiple ratios for a more comprehensive approach.

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) require uniform and standardized financial statements for adequate financial statement analysis. This entails consistent accounting practices and fundamental principles being employed annually. Comparability constraints mandates that the business’ financial statements are in a form that permits analysts to evaluate them against other competitors in the same field. This is where horizontal analysis comes into play, creating consistency.

This analysis determines what impacts a company’s growth over time. For cyclical or seasonal companies, it lets analysts get a handle on what’s normal and what’s not. It also permits identification of variances in different product/business segments and how to project a company’s future performance.

Along with the three financial statements (balance sheet, cash flow statement, and income statement) providing working outcomes, it can similarly identify issues and strengths by looking at certain metrics like profit margins or the rate of inventory changing hands.

If a company reports higher earnings per share due to increases in revenue or lowers its figures of the COGS (cost of goods sold), analysts looking at the interest coverage ratio or cash flow-to-debt ratio, for example, can use horizontal analysis to gauge if a business has enough liquidity for continued operations.

Real World Example of Horizontal Analysis

Let’s say Company X had revenue of $100 million in the previous year and accounts receivable of $200 million during the “base year.” This is compared to revenue of $300 million in the present year and accounts receivable of $600 million. Based on these numbers, the calculations are as follows:

Revenue Comparison

[($300 million – $100 million)/$100 million)] x 100 = 200 percent

Accounts Receivable

[($600 million – $300 million)/$300 million)] x 100 = 100 percent

When it comes to interpreting horizontal analysis, the process needs context to ensure it’s used appropriately. The most prominent consideration is understanding what contributed to the base year’s numbers and the current year’s numbers. Did the company sell off a segment that increased profitability, or did they face massive lawsuits or spend excessive amounts of capex to ensure their viability and competitiveness in the upcoming years?

The calculation is straightforward, but being able to delve into what happened – and why – is the role of the business owner and investor to determine the true health of the business.

Why Human-Centric Marketing Beats AI Spam Every Time

Human Marketing Beats AI Spam

4 min read

Every day, businesses are publishing AI-generated blog posts, automated emails, faceless videos, and social media threads at an unprecedented scale. A prompt can now produce what once required hours of brainstorming and execution.

This probably sounds like every marketer’s dream. However, audiences are becoming more selective, more skeptical, and more emotionally disconnected from brands that sound robotic or overly automated.

This also has made human connection more valuable. The businesses winning today are not those creating the most content, but those creating the content that feels real, personal, trustworthy, and emotionally intelligent. In a world flooded with AI-generated noise, human-centric marketing has become a competitive advantage.

The Internet Has Entered the Era of AI Saturation

AI tools have completely transformed marketing. Businesses now use AI to write ads, generate videos, automate customer support, create product descriptions, analyze customer behavior, and schedule content.

According to recent industry research, generative AI adoption among marketing teams has exploded due to the efficiency and ROI it promises. However, in the pursuit of efficiency, many businesses are optimizing for systems and not people, running the risk of marketing to search engines and not the humans who are typing keywords into them.

Consumers are increasingly noticing that a lot of the content feels emotionally flat, repetitive, or lifeless. As a result, consumers are becoming fatigued with overly polished, mass-produced AI content.

In many ways, AI has lowered the barrier to creating content – while at the same time raising the standard for creating meaningful content. Today, audiences are not looking for more information. They want resonance, relatability, trust, and emotional connection.

The Anatomy of AI Spam: The ‘More is Better’ Illusion

In the early 2020s, the marketing playbook was all about using AI to multiply production, lower cost per asset, and dominate search engines and social feeds through volume.

This resulted in companies adopting generative AI to scale up their monthly content output. But this push for volume has triggered an aggressive case of digital fatigue. Audiences are learning to spot signs of automated copies, such as repetitive sentence structures, unnatural personalization, generic advice, lack of original insight, and emotionally detached messages.

AI spam also suffers from algorithmic sameness as AI models train on identical and widely available data. Unless carefully refined with brand-specific insights and human creativity, many outputs begin sounding identical. This lazy automation has broken consumer trust.

The Hybrid Framework

Choosing human-centric marketing does not mean launching an anti-technology crusade or abandoning modern software tools. The smartest marketing strategies today combine AI efficiency with human intelligence. A marketing team can use generative tools to manage backend activities like sorting data, testing headlines, generating first drafts and automating repetitive workflows.

With the administrative friction taken care of, the marketing team will have time to listen closely to its audience, understand emotional context, tell compelling stories and build authentic trust. Technology in this case will drive distribution scale, while genuine human connection drives sales conversations.

How to Make Your Marketing More Human-Centric

As AI-generated content becomes more common, standing out will require marketers to become more intentional about human connections. Here are practical ways to make marketing feel more authentic and emotionally relevant:

Share real experiences – talk about lessons learned, mistakes made, challenges faced and real outcomes. These experiences cannot be automated convincingly.
Develop audience clarity – understanding not just who your audience is, but what they fear, desire, struggle with and aspire toward.
Human language and storytelling – avoid sounding overly corporate, robotic or excessively optimized. People connect with conversational communication, relatable stories and emotional honesty.
Build around emotion, not features – focus on how customers want to feel, such as confident, respected, productive, safe or inspired.
Show the humans behind the brand – feature team members, founders, behind-the-scenes moments, customer stories and authentic interactions.
Focus on conversations, not broadcasting – respond thoughtfully to comments, engage in discussions and listen to feedback.
Prioritize original thinking – a major weakness with AI-generated content is sameness. Sharing unique opinions, fresh insights and real expertise instead of recycling popular talking points helps a business stand out.
Use AI as an assistant, not a replacement – AI should support human creativity and not replace the human voice entirely. Every outbound message should pass a simple test before it is sent: Would a real, informed person who actually cares about this customer send this message? If the answer is no, the message should not be sent.

Final Thoughts

Human-centric marketing focuses heavily on real customer experience, emotional understanding, and authentic communication. Brands that want to remain successful must continue investing time and energy in understanding real human behavior, emotion, and trust.

The ROI of Autonomy: Measuring the Business Value of Agentic AI Workflows

4 min read

Businesses are moving beyond basic automation into a new era of intelligent, self-directed systems. While automation helps with streamlining repetitive tasks, agentic AI workflows enable systems to make decisions, take action, and continuously improve with minimal human oversight.

Most businesses adopting agentic AI have no structured way to prove it is working. Although they can feel the difference, they can’t measure it. Without measurement, return on investment (ROI) conversations stall, budgets get cut, and genuinely transformative tools get shelved.

What Makes Agentic AI Workflows Different

Agentic AI workflows are designed to operate with a degree of independence. Unlike traditional automation, which follows predefined rules, agentic systems are goal-oriented.

Once given an objective, they plan, execute, adjust, and complete tasks across multiple steps, tools, and decisions without requiring human intervention. For example, an agentic workflow may pull data from multiple systems, analyze it, draft a report, flag anomalies, and email a summary.

Another example is a supply chain AI agent that not only highlights anomalies but can also reorder stock, renegotiate pricing thresholds, and even reroute logistics as these actions fall within predefined objectives.

Agentic AI can also improve efficiency and productivity by identifying inefficiencies in workflows and adjusting them in real time.

For businesses facing rising labor costs and increasing demand for speed and personalization, this evolution is more than a technological advancement. It offers a strategic advantage.

Why ROI Measurement Is Different for Agentic AI

Traditional ROI models are rather straightforward as they compare the cost of a system to the output generated. ROI on projects using traditional models is measured based on cost savings, headcount reduction and cycle-time compression. However, agentic AI is more dynamic because the systems improve over time. This means the output isn’t static – rather, it compounds. These systems also reduce the need for ongoing supervision, operate continuously, and often uncover efficiencies that were not initially anticipated.

As a result, the ROI of agentic AI is not just immediate cost savings but also includes long-term gains. These gains include improved decision-making, faster execution, higher productivity, strategic agility and the ability to scale operations without a proportional increase in cost. Measuring this kind of value requires a broader, more forward-looking approach.

Key ROI Drivers of Agentic AI workflows

Operational efficiency – unlike conventional automation that is vulnerable to dynamic environments due to fixed rules, agentic AI responds to changes automatically. These systems continuously learn and optimize, delivering ongoing improvements without additional manual effort.
Real-time responsiveness – customers expect real-time interaction. Agentic workflows enable this through systems that are always on and context-aware.
Scalability – businesses can handle increased demand without a corresponding increase in operational costs or headcount, allowing more efficient growth.
Cross-departmental reach – Agentic AI agents can seamlessly connect workflows across different departments like HR, IT, and finance. This reduces operational friction between teams and enhances overall efficiency.
Productivity gains – Agentic AI can operate 24/7, completing tasks faster and with greater consistency than human teams. This allows employees to focus on higher-value work, increasing overall organizational productivity.
Cost reduction – by automating complex workflows, businesses can reduce reliance on manual labor, minimize errors, and eliminate inefficiencies. This can translate into significant savings.
Revenue growth – Agentic AI enables faster go-to-market strategies and more personalized customer experiences. This can directly impact conversion rates and revenue.
Improved decision quality – With access to real-time data and advanced analytics, agentic AI systems can make quick, informed decisions. This reduces human bias and enhances accuracy in areas like forecasting, inventory management, and customer engagement.

Strategies for Evaluating Agentic AI ROI

To measure agentic AI ROI, businesses need a structured approach that connects AI deployment to business outcomes.

Identify high-impact workflows – repetitive, resource-heavy processes like IT support, sales operations, or compliance.
Establish baseline measurements by documenting current costs, completion times, error rates, and headcount before deployment.
Compare pre- and post-implementation performance by checking utilization rates, tasks completed, and infrastructure costs to confirm operational sustainability.
Estimate agentic impact by projecting improvements in speed, cost, throughput, and quality.
If implementing agentic AI in phases, use control groups to isolate its impact from other organizational changes.
Measure real business outcomes, including cost reductions, revenue growth, and productivity gains.

Conclusion

Traditional automation delivered value by reducing manual effort. Agentic AI, on the other hand, reduces decision latency, operational friction, and coordination costs. Therefore, AI agents’ ROI is not defined by savings alone. Its real value lies in the ability to generate compounding returns across multiple dimensions of a business. By adopting a broader view of ROI, organizations can better assess impact, build stronger adoption cases, and identify new opportunities for optimization.

Understanding the EV/2P Ratio

3 min read

When it comes to raw materials, especially for fossil fuels, it’s essential to evaluate existing and potential production capabilities for such companies. Using the EV/2P Ratio is a powerful tool when evaluating fossil fuel-related companies.

Defining the Ratio

This ratio is calculated by dividing a business’ enterprise value into the company’s reserves. It provides financial analysts, investors and internal business stakeholders with a snapshot of a company’s reserves and the business’ likelihood of preserving operation growth. This standardizes valuations, thereby allowing analysts to compare company-to-company financials.

How to Calculate EV/2P

Enterprise Value (EV) / Total 2P Reserves

Defined as: Enterprise Value = Equity (open market price) + Debt (open market price) – Cash and Cash Equivalents

2P = Proven and Probable Reserves

Illustrating the Calculation

If a company’s capitalization is $300 million and debt consisting of $225 million, along with $30 million for proven reserve value, $20 million in probable reserves, and $25 million in possible reserves, the company’s resulting enterprise value becomes:

$300 million + $225 million = $525 million

The 2P reserves is:

$30 million + $20 million = $50 million

Plugging the numbers into the original formula, it’s: $525 million / $50 million = 10.5x (multiple)

Based on the resulting 10.5 multiple, this ratio provides a current valuation that translates to for every $1 in 2P reserves equals $10.50 of a market valuation.

Reserves are how internal/external stakeholders value the production/growth potential of oil/gas companies. It’s broken down into two categories:

1.) P1 are proven reserves, which are the highest caliber reserves. There’s at least a 9 in 10 percent likelihood (or more) of recoverable reserves. It’s also known as P90.

2.) Probable reserve (also known as P50) has an even chance of either non-recoverability or realized recoverability. This is the next best, but a lesser grade than P1.

These two resource categories are referred to as 2P.

Putting it in Perspective

Depending on the company’s calculated EV/2P Ratio, the business owner or investor can determine a course of action to take.

If it’s higher, it’s more highly valued than its competitors based on the same level of 2P reserves; therefore, the company’s shares are more expensive against its peers. This can give investors pause because other undervalued stocks are more attractive due to a higher likelihood they’ll appreciate.

However, if a company is valued higher, but the company is more efficient or a higher performer, investors also may be interested because its production and earnings justify the higher valuation. That’s why looking at the metric in a silo is not effective.

Debt Concerns

When it comes to debt and analyzing this ratio, fossil fuel businesses are often highly levered since they use massive sums of debt for research and development and continued operations.

Since the EV value looks at debt and equity concurrently, analyzing a company’s capital structure is essential when comparing companies’ valuations. Essentially, if a company has too much debt and if interest rates suddenly increase or it can’t service debt if the price of crude plummets, it may run into debt servicing issues.

While this ratio is effective in providing a level playing field for analytical uses, it’s important to remember that it needs to be used in conjunction with comprehensive financial analysis.

Version 6

Tax Considerations for Data Center Projects in the Age of AI

4 min read

Artificial intelligence is driving an unprecedented surge in data center construction. Developers, private equity sponsors and their tax advisors are navigating a complicated web of questions that touch everything from ownership structure to site selection to power sourcing. Get the early decisions wrong and the tax consequences can follow a project for years.

Why REITs Have Become the Structure of Choice

Private equity has increasingly turned to real estate investment trusts when backing data center projects. Structure a REIT correctly, and you sidestep corporate-level taxation entirely. Foreign investors get an even better deal. Sovereign wealth funds and foreign pension funds can participate without any obligation to file U.S. tax returns. Data centers, with their heavy real estate footprint, slot into the REIT framework more naturally than many other asset classes.

That said, the fit is not seamless. Related party rent rules create traps for the unwary. Public pension funds and sovereign wealth funds need to confirm they do not hold stakes in both a data center REIT and its tenant. Another wrinkle involves equipment. Data centers demand significant upfront investment in personal property that may not count as qualifying REIT assets. The tax code requires that 75 percent of a REIT’s total asset value consist of real estate, cash, and government securities at each quarter’s close. Developers often must segregate personal property until the REIT builds up enough good assets to clear that hurdle.

The Power and Water Challenge

Reliable power and water access have become one of the toughest operational problems in the industry. Demand is so intense that many developers are generating their own electricity on-site. The tax treatment of these co-located power facilities depends heavily on the energy source and delivery method. Get it wrong, and the generation asset may not qualify for REIT treatment.

Solar photovoltaic systems sit on relatively solid ground under existing guidance. Nuclear and natural gas, which many see as the next wave of data center power, do not. Current rules leave significant uncertainty around whether these sources can work within a REIT structure.

Legislative and Executive Developments

The IRS priority guidance plan for 2025 and 2026 contains no projects aimed squarely at data centers. Regulation section 1.856-10(g), finalized in 2016, includes an example analyzing customized electrical and telecommunications systems in a data center context, but practitioners continue pushing for clearer rules on alternative energy.

Congress may offer relief on the waterfront. In April 2025, Representative Darin LaHood of Illinois proposed a new section 48F that would provide a 30 percent credit for qualifying water reuse projects, including on-site recycling systems at data centers. With U.S. data centers projected to consume 33 billion gallons of water by 2028, the bill attracted 21 cosponsors and bipartisan support.

The White House has made its priorities clear as well. The Trump administration’s July 2025 AI action plan established a goal of achieving global dominance in artificial intelligence, with infrastructure as one of three pillars. An executive order, issued July 23, 2025, focused specifically on reducing federal regulatory obstacles to data center construction.

Conclusion and OBBBA Incentives Worth Watching

Several provisions in the One Big Beautiful Bill Act benefit data center projects, even though lawmakers did not design them with that sector in mind. The return of 100 percent bonus depreciation under section 168(k) matters enormously for an industry requiring massive capital outlays.

Rural Opportunity Zones sweeten the economics further. Investments in qualified rural opportunity funds now qualify for a 30 percent basis step-up after five years, triple the 10 percent available in standard zones. A special rule targeting improvements to existing structures in rural areas cuts the substantial improvement threshold to 50 percent of adjusted basis, compared to more than 100 percent for non-rural funds.

Developers and investors evaluating new projects will find that entity structure, site selection, and the shifting regulatory environment all interact in ways that directly affect the bottom line. Getting the tax picture right from the start remains essential.